英语写作知识《句子的基本类型》

　　英语写作知识——句子的基本类型

　　东莞韦博英语学校小编提醒大家，在英语写作中，从形式上看，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；从句子的结构上看，英语句子又可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种类型。其中，简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。

　　例句A: Teacher Zhang and her students always keep their classroom clean and tidy.张老师和她的学生们总是保持教室干净整洁。

　　例句B: They decided to hold a class meeting.他们决定开一个班会。

　　并列句通过使用并列连词、连接副词《如and， but, or,so，either...or...，neither...

　　nor ... , not only ... but also...， furthermore, besides, therefore, otherwise等)或标点符号（如分号和冒号)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起，各分句彼此平等。

　　例句C: Either you come in person, or you entrust someone with the matter.或者你亲自来一趟，或者你委托一个人来办这件事。

　　例句D:The English seem to show particular ability for two things: one is mechanicalinvention, the other is literature.看起来英国人在两件事情上表现出了特殊的才能:其一是机械的发明，其二是文学。

　　复合句含有主句和一个或一个以上的从句。由于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的功能相于一个名词，而且四者的引导词基本相同，因此合称为名词性从句。状语从句和定语从句则分别归类为副词性从句和形容词性从句。

　　1.主语从句(Subject Clause)

　　例句A:The sun rises from the east is a commonly accepted fact太阳从东方升起是一个被普遍接受的事实。(主语从句的引导词that不可省略。)例句B:Whether he will come to the party is not sure.他是否将参加晚会仍不能确定。

　　( whether出现在句首时不能与if互换。)

　　例句C: Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.违反本法者应处以罚金。(whoever:可以用anyone who 代替。)

　　例句D: It is not yet decided when and where the test will be given.该测试在何时何地进行仍未决定。(it为形式主语。)

　　2.宾语从句(Object Clause)

　　宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可作介词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)和某些形容词(如afraid, glad, pleased, lucky, ashamed, certain, confident, sure等)的宾语。

　　例句A: I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。( that从句是形容词 glad的宾语。当然，从严格的语法意义上看，应属于形容词补语从句。)例句B: I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知进你是否还在这座工厂工作。( whether/if从句是不定式to know的宾语。)例句C: Science advances both by finding out what is true and by eliminating what is false.

　　科学的进步既有赖于发现真理，又有赖于摒弃谬误。(what of以用the thing that代替。)例句D: He went away early, without making it clear why he had to go so soon.他很早就离去了，走之前也没有说明为什么走得这么早。( it为形式宾语。)

3.表语从句(Predicative Clause)

　　例句A: Our principle is that we will never use nuclear weapons first.我们的原则是决不首先使用核武器。

　　例句B: The question is whether it is true or not.问题在于这是真的还是假的。

　　例句C: Fame and personal gain is what they're after.他们追求的是名利。(what可以用the thing that代替。)

　　例句D： The question was how the bird got out of the cage.问题是鸟儿怎么从笼子里出去的。

　　4.同位语从句(Appositive Clause)

　　同位语从句是用一个从句作其前面名词的同位语，说明该名词所指的具体内容。常用同位语从句说明的名词有fact, decision, idea, plan, news, possibility, question, theory等。东莞韦博英语学校为大家提供的例句：

　　例句A; We have just heard a warning on the radio that a typhoon may be on its way.我们刚刚通过收音机听到警报，说台风可能要来了。(名词和从句之间可以被其他句子成分隔开。)

　　例句B: They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们正调查这个人是否值得信赖。

　　例句C: I have no idea which dictionary is hers.我不知道哪本词典是她的。

　　例句D：The child's question, why the sky is blue, is difficult to answer.这孩子的问题“天空为什么是蓝的”令人很难回答。

　　5.状语从句（Adverbial Clause)

　　(1)时间状语从句:引导词包括when, as. while, till (until), once, the moment/theminute/the instant/the second, before, after, as soon as, no sooner…than.…since等。

　　例句A: Just as/As/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me一我刚停下车.一个男人就来到我的面前。(as和when既可引导表示短暂性动作的动词，又可引导表示持续性动作的动词。而while只能引导表示持续性动作的动词。)例句B: She sang while/as she worked.她边工作边唱歌。(用when时，从句和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可先后发生，而用while和as时，从句和主句的动作通常同时发生。）

　　例句C:As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, passion forreason.随着年龄的增长，我们用机敏取代力量，用严谨取代速度。用理智取代激情(当从句表示“随时间推移”时，连词只能用as，不用when或while。)例句D: I slept till/until midnight.我一直睡到半夜才醒。 ( until和till这两个连词的意义基本相同。其肯定形式表示“做某事直至某时”，动词必须是延续性的；否定形式表示“直至某时才做某事”，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。）例句E: He had no sooner seen me than he ran off.(=No sooner had he seen me than heran off.)他一看见我就跑开了。

　　例句F: Her mother has been ill since she came to Beijing last year.自从她去年来到北京，她的母亲就一直有病。

　　(2)地点状语从句:通常由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引导。

　　例句A:where there is oppression, there is resistance.哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。

　　例句B: Everywhere you go, you will find the same thing.你走到任何一个地方都会看到同样的事情。

　　(3)原因状语从句:通常由because, since, as和for等引导。because语势强，用来说明人所不知的原因；for的强度弱，通常只是对所谈内容的补充说明，且不能放在句首。

　　此外，东莞韦博英语学校提示考生，原因状语从句也可由that, now that, in that, seeing that, considering that等引导。

　　例句A: Maize is also called Indian corn because it was first grown by the AmericanIndian、因为玉米是美洲印第安人首先种植的，所以又叫做印第安玉米。

　　例句B: Since/As the weather is so had, we have to delay our journey.由于天气比较糟糕，我们不得不推迟行程。

　　例句C: He seldom goes out now，he is very old.他现在难得出门了，因为年事已高。

　　例句D: That is excusable considering/seeing（that） he is so young.那是可以原谅的，因为他太年轻了。

　　(4)结果状语从句:主要由so ... that…或such ... that...引导，二者的区别是such为形容词, so为副词。有时，也可用so that, such that, with the result that等引导。

　　例句A: He is such a young boy that he can't go to school.(=He is so young:boy thathe can't go to school.)他太小了，还不能上学。

　　例句B: The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water.球重重地打在他身上，使他几乎落到水里去。

　　例句C: We all arrived at eight, so that the meeting began promptly.我们都于八点到达，所以会议准时开始了。 (so that结构有情态动词大多表“目的”如果没有大多表“结果”。)例句D: Such was my anger that I lost control of myself.我是如此气恼，以至于失去了自自制。(so或such位于句首时，要引起句子倒装。)

　　(5)方式状语从句:通常由as. (just) as...so...,as (so)…as…等引导，其中.as (so)…as…的意思为“与·····一样”。从句中谓语经常被省略。此外，方式状语从句还可由as if, as though等引导。

　　(6)目的状语从句:可以由so that, in order that, to the end that等引导，译为“以便...”、“为……起见’；也可由lest, for fear that，in case等引导，译为“以免……”、“免得……”或“生怕……”。在目的状语从句中，经常需要使用情态动词。

　　例句A: Some people eat so that they may live；others seem to live in order that they mayeat.一些人吃饭是为了活着，而有些人活着似乎就是为了吃饭。

　　例句B: They criticized your mistakes to the end that you would not repeat them.他们对你的错误提出批评，以便你不再重犯。

　　例句C: He wrote the name down for feat that/lest he should forget it.他记下了这个名字以免忘记。

　　例句D: I am punishing the child in case she should make the same mistake.我惩罚那个孩子，免得她再犯同样的错误。

　　(7)条件状语从句:引导词主要有if, unless, suppose/supposing that, provided/providing that, as long as/so long”.on condition that, given that, in casein the event that.

　　(let's) say等。条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种，后者需使用虚拟语气。

　　例句A: If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.(=Let's go out for a walk unlessyou are too tired.)如果你不太累，我们出去走走吧。

　　例句.:Suppose/Supposing/Say he does not come, what will you do?他要是不来，你们会怎么办?

　　例句C: You had better be ready in case he comes.你比较好有所准备，万一他来呢。

　　例句D: I will go there on condition that you accompany me.要是你陪我一起去，我就去。

　　例句E: If he ( should) be found guilty, his wife will suffer terribly.如果发现他有罪，他妻子一定非常难过。(表示对现在或将来预想的条件句中，条件句谓语可用省略should的原形。)

　　例句F: Had he taken a little more time to think, he might have acted more sensibly.如果他能多考虑考虑，很可能会做得更明智些。(省略if的虚拟语气。)(8)让步状语从句:让步状语从句用来引出一种意外的结果，常由though, although,as, even if, even though, whether...or...,however, whatever, whoever, no matter,notwithstanding (the fact) that等引导。

　　例句A:Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨.但他们仍在地里干活。(当有though或although时.后面从句不能有but,但是和yet, still却可连用。)例句B: Try hard as he does, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.(=Though he tries hard, he never seems...)虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做得不尽如人意、(as和though引异的让步从句常常将表语、状语或者实义动词提前放在句首。)例句C: Even if you've passed some of your “prime”, you still have other prime years toexperience in the future.尽管你已过盛年，但未来仍有其他的鼎盛年华在等你去经历。

　　例句D: Whether we work or sleep, are earnest or idle, rejoice or moan in agony, the riverof time flows on with the same resistless flood不管我们是在工作还是睡去，不管我们是认真还是倦怠，也不管我们是兴高采烈还是痛苦呻吟，时间的长河总是不可阻挡地流逝着。

　　例句E: Whatever his rank, however rich or poor, an Egyptian believed in another life afterdeath.不论贵贱贫富，埃及人都相信人死后还会有另一个生命。(“疑问词十后缀ever”除了可以引导名词性从句，译为“任何”，还可引异状语从句，此时类似于“no matter +疑问词”结构.译为“不管”。在这类从句中,常常省略一些对句意影响不大的成分，如be等。）

　　例句F: Notwithstanding(that)/In spite of the fact that/Despite the fact that the weatherwas bad, we pushed on.尽管天气恶劣.我们还是努力前行。

　　例句G:Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home。不管多么简陋，家是不可替代的。(用倒装be的方式表让步，多用于书面语。)例句H: Even had he been there, he wouldn't have helped her.即使他在那儿，他也不会帮她。(省略if的虚拟语气。)

　　6.定语从句(Attributive Clause)

　　东莞韦博英语学校为大家整理出，定语从句在句中作定语，被修饰的名词或代词即为先行词、先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时.选择关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which,as 等；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词 when, where, why等。

　　例句A: The house, whose roof/the roof of which was broken, has now been repaired.

　　屋顶破报的那座房子已经修复了。(如果whose所修饰的是无生命的名词，常可以用“名词+ of which”代替。)

　　例句B: Finally another material is painted onto the stones which will protect them fromwater for ever.后，一种材抖被涂到这些石头上，以保护他们永远不受水的侵蚀。(在不产生歧义的情况下，定语从句和它所修饰的先行词之间可以有其他的词语。)例句C: He is not the man as he was.他和从前不一样了。

　　例句D: Later, man began to settle in the places where the food and water were plentiful.

　　后来，人类开始在食物和水都很丰富的地方定居下来。

　　在这里，东莞韦博英语学校要附加说明，限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思。

　　例句E: My sister who lives in London is a doctor.我住在伦敦的妹妹是一名医生。(我不止一个妹妹。)