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英语中助动词和系动词的用法

英语中,系动词的功能主要是把表语和它的主语联系在一起,说明主语的性质、特征、品性或状态。助动词用来构成时态和语态。 助动词具有语法意义,但没有词汇意义,不可单独作谓语。它没有对应的汉译,下面小编告诉你英语中助动词和系动词的用法,大家一起来看看吧!
英语中助动词和系动词的用法:
1. 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
英语中助动词和系动词的用法
2. 助动词
它与实义动词相反,指的是那些本身无词汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独作谓语的动词。助动词根据它的不同用途也可分为好几类,如用于构成进行时态、完成时态、将来时态等的时态助动词be, have, will, shall等;用于构成被动语态的语态助动词be;用于表示不同情态的情态动词。如:
He is looking for a job. 他在找一份工作。
I have almost finished the book. 这本书我几乎已经看完了。
Tomorrow will be the first day of autumn. 明天是秋天的第一天。
He was struck by a stone. 他被石头击中。
You can come some other time. 你可以在其他时间来。
第一句中的is为时态助动词,它与现在分词looking一起构成现在进行时;第二句中的have也是时态助动词,它与过去分词finished一起构成现在完成时;第三句中的will仍为时态助动词,它与动词原形be一起构成一般将来时;第四句中的was为语态助动词,它与过去分词struck一起构成被动语态;最后一句中的can为情态助动词,在此表示“能力”,意为“能……”。
系动词seem的用法与搭配:
1. 用作连系动词,表示“似乎”“好像”,其后用作表语的可以是名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词等。如:
He seems quite happy. 他看来很快活。
That seems not a bad idea. 这似乎是一个不坏的主意。
You seem out of temper today. 你今天情绪似乎不大好。
His first memories seemed connected with work. 他最早的记忆似乎和工作有关。
后接不定式时,不定式根据情况可以是一般式,也可以是进行式或完成式等。如:
She seems to be crying. 她好像在哭。
He didn’t seem to have changed much. 他似乎没多大变化。
注意:seem 后可接不定式,但通常不接动名词。
2. 在 it seems 后可接 as if 从句或 that 从句。如:
It seems that he is living in the area. 他似乎就住在这一带。
It seems as if everybody knew except me. 好像除我之外其他人都知道了。
后接 that 从句时,有时可用 so, not 代之。如:
A:Does he know her? 他认识她吗?
B:It seems so (not). 好像是认识(不认识)。
3. 用作seem like,其中的like通常为介词,其后接名词或代词。如:
It seems like yesterday. 这仿佛是昨天发生的事。
It seems like the answer to my problem. 它似乎是我问题的答案。
但在非正式文体中,也可后接句子。如:
It seems like the year flies by. 一年好像飞逝般过去。
It seems like their marriage is over. 看起来他们的婚姻结束了。
4. 有时还可用于 there seems (to be)。如:
There seems (to be) something wrong with it. 好像有什么问题。
There seems to be a mistake in these figures. 这些数字中好像有个错误。
5. 比较以下同义句型:
It seems that he has a lot of money.=He seems to have a lot of money. 他似乎很有钱。
系动词run的用法:
run用作连系动词只限于和少数形容词搭配。如:
■run cold
My blood ran cold. 我的血都凉了。
The sight of the dead body made his blood run cold. 他看见尸体不禁毛骨悚然。
The water ran cold when I turned the tap on. 我把水龙头打开,水就凉了。
■run dry
The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。
The little pond ran dry. 那座小池塘干涸了。
The River Wey ran dry during the recent drought. 近来天气干旱,韦河干涸了。
英语中助动词和系动词的用法
■run high
Feelings against him ran high反对他的情绪高涨。
Feeling over the dismissal ran high. 对解雇事件群情鼎沸。
Passions ran high as the election approached. 选举日期临近,人们情绪很高涨。
■run loose
The lion has run loose. 狮子从笼子里跑出来了。
■run low
The petrol’s running low. 汽油快用完了。
We’re running low on petrol. 我们的汽油不多了。
Our supplies are running low. 我们的供应品不多了。
■run riot
The crowd ran riot in the streets. 群众在街上乱跑。
Football hooligans ran riot through the town. 闹事的足球迷在城里胡作非为。
Inflation is running riot and prices are out of control. 通货极度膨胀,物价失去控制。
■run short
I have run short of money. 我缺钱。
Go and get some more oil so we don’t run short. 去多弄些油来以免到时候用光了。
I’m late for work every day and I’m running short of excuses. 我每天迟到,现在找不到什么藉口了。
■run small
These shirts run small. 这些衬衫小了。
■run strong
The tide was running strong. 潮水上涨了。
■run wild
The violets are running wild in the flower bed. 紫罗兰在花圃里乱长。
Those boys have been allowed to run wild. 那些男孩子无人管教肆无忌惮。
■有时跟副词或介词短语:
My contract runs out in September. 我的合同九月份到期。
Our supplies soon ran out. 我们的供应品很快用完。
The truck’s run out of gas again. 卡车又没有汽油了。
系动词fall的用法:
fall用作连系动词只限于和少数形容词或名词搭配。如:
■fall asleep
The child soon fell asleep. 孩子很快睡着了。
While he was studying, he fell asleep. 他念书念得睡着了。
He fell asleep with the light still burning. 灯还开着他睡着了。
He said that if he fell asleep at the wheel she was to wake him up. 他说,如果他在开车时打瞌睡,她必须把他叫醒。
■fall ill
Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. 汤姆昨天突然病了。
He has fallen ill. 他病了。
He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. 他本来要出任新大使,但是病倒了。
■fall silent
He fell silent. 他静了下来。
At the President’s entry everyone fell silent. 总统进来时大家都安静下来。
■fall a victim
He fell a victim to her charms. 他成了她魅力的受害者。
Lots of people fell victims to fascism. 许多人成了法西斯的受害人。
■fall prey
The zebra fell prey to the lion. 那斑马被狮子捕食。
She was prey to irrational fears. 她遭受着无端恐惧的折磨。
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