核安全文化英文

广义的核安全是指涉及核材料及放射性核素相关的安全问题，目前包括放射性物质管理、前端核资源开采利用设施安全、核电站安全运行及全过程的防核扩散等议题。狭义的核安全是指在核设施的设计、建造、运行和退役期间，为保护人员、社会和环境免受可能的放射性危害所采取的技术和组织上的措施的综合。该措施包括：确保核设施的正常运行，预防事故的发生，限制可能的事故后果。社会议题的核安全主要是指防核扩散及核裁军等。那么，核安全文化英文是怎么介绍的呢？

What is Nuclear Safety

什么是核安全

Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences. This covers nuclear power plants as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses.

The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly. Nuclear weapon safety, as well as the safety of military research involving nuclear materials, is generally handled by agencies different from those that oversee civilian safety, for various reasons, including secrecy.

Nuclear material may be hazardous if not properly handled or disposed of. Experiments of near critical mass-sized pieces of nuclear material can pose a risk of a criticality accident. David Hahn, “The Radioactive Boy Scout” who tried to build a nuclear reactor at home, serves as an excellent example of a nuclear experimenter who failed to develop or follow proper safety protocols. Such failures raise the specter of radioactive contamination.

Even when properly contained, fission byproducts which are no longer useful generate radioactive waste, which must be properly disposed of. Spent nuclear fuel that is recently removed from a nuclear reactor will generate large amounts of decay heat which will require pumped water cooling for a year or more to prevent overheating. In addition, material exposed to neutron radiation―present in nuclear reactors―may become radioactive in its own right, or become contaminated with nuclear waste. Additionally, toxic or dangerous chemicals may be used as part of the plant’s operation, which must be properly handled and disposed of.

The next nuclear plants to be built will likely be Generation III or III+ designs, and a few such are already in operation in Japan. Generation IV reactors would have even greater improvements in safety. These new designs are expected to be passively safe or nearly so, and perhaps even inherently safe (as in the PBMR designs).

Some improvements made (not all in all designs) are having three sets of emergency diesel generators and associated emergency core cooling systems rather than just one pair, having quench tanks (large coolant-filled tanks) above the core that open into it automatically, having a double containment (one containment building inside another), etc.

However, safety risks may be the greatest when nuclear systems are the newest, and operators have less experience with them. Nuclear engineer David Lochbaum explained that almost all serious nuclear accidents occurred with what was at the time the most recent technology. He argues that “the problem with new reactors and accidents is twofold: scenarios arise that are impossible to plan for in simulations; and humans make mistakes”. As one director of a U.S. research laboratory put it, “fabrication, construction, operation, and maintenance of new reactors will face a steep learning curve: advanced technologies will have a heightened risk of accidents and mistakes. The technology may be proven, but people are not”.

核物质（nuclear matter）如果不进行适当处理，可能会有很大的危害性。根据实验，接近临界质量（critical mass）的核物质具有发生临界事故（criticality accident）的危险。

即使裂变(atomic fission)的副产物被适当封装，当它们不再有用时依然会产生放射性废物(radioactive waste)。这些放射性废物必须使用适当的手段进行处理。另外，核反应堆中暴露在中子辐射(neutron radiation)下的物质可能含有放射性，或者被其他放射性废物污染。还有，在核电站的运行过程中，可能会需要一些有毒的危险化学物质(chemical substances)，这些物质也必须用适当的手段来处理。