托福阅读修辞目的题

修辞目的题已经做为托福必考题型，修辞目的题每篇文章考0-2题。小编分析认为，它主要考查考生们理解作者为什么在文章中某个特别位置或者以某种特殊的方式陈述一个特别的信息。托福阅读的修辞目的题怎么攻克呢?

1)有时要求学生确定一个段落与另一个段落之间的联系

2)有时考查作者提到某一条特别信息的原因(句子之间的联系)

注意：此类题目不考查整篇文章的结构，只考查句子或段落之间的逻辑关系。

问题形式

The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to…

Why does the author mention X?

The author uses X as an example of…

答题技巧

修辞目的题一般可分为以下几类：

一、例子题

例子题一般占修辞目的题出题机会的70%, 题干中出现的X本身是段落中出现的一个例子，这类题是送分题，因为要么是先举例子后总结/概述(理论)，要么是先概述(理论)后举例子，所以答案多半是绕过例子看概述，而概述的改写就是本题答案的所在，也就是说哪个选项的内容和概述的内容一致就是答案。因此考生也可以用排除法选答案。

如：OG Title: ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

Paragraph 4

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines.” With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community…

4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

○ support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

○ to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

○ argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

○ emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

分析：此题中我们根据mill worker定位，能定位到原文对应内容为One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines”, 绕过例子读理论，理论“The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules.”在例子前面，根据此理论，我们即可以选出正确答案为个选项。

如：OG Title: AGGRESSION

Paragraph 5

The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including … The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.” By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways…

7. Freud describes people as steam engines in order to make the point that people

○ deliberately build up their aggression to make themselves stronger

○ usually release aggression in explosive ways

○ must vent their aggression to prevent it from building up

○ typically lose their aggression if they do not express it.

分析：此题中，我们根据Freud和steam engines定位，原文对应内容为The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.” 绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions.”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第三个选项。

如：OG Title: EARLY CINEMA

Paragraph 2

These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…

2. The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order to

○ explain Edison’s financial success

○ describe the model used to design Kinetoscope parlors

○ contrast their popularity to that of Kinetoscope parlors

○ illustrate how much more technologically advanced Kinetoscope parlors were

分析：此题中，我们根据phonograph parlors定位，原文对应内容为These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. 绕过此例子，定位理论，原文中理论“The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…”在例子之后，根据此例子，我们可以确定答案为第二个选项。

看到标题，有些同学的问题就来了。在托福阅读中，什么是修辞目的题?修辞目的题该如何解决呢?今天，小编就带大家来复习一下这些托福阅读的知识点。

本质上讲：对作者意图的提问

形式上讲：

Why does the author mention/discuss …?

The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.

The author uses … as an example of_____.

等等

做这类题目时有些同学往往会出现黑人问号，我怎么知道作者怎么想的!

其实，这类题目和托福其他题目一样，都是有套路的。至少，托福阅读里的修辞目的题是不会要求考生们对锅里的鱼眼里“诡异的光”进行理解的。

言归正传，那么做这类题目的套路究竟是什么呢?

首先我们要知道托福文章结构有一个规律，就是claim(观点)+detail(s)，换句话说就是给出一个观点，然后用一个或者若干个细节或者例子来支撑前面的观点。

不论是从文章整体架构，段落结构，还是更微观的行文结构来看，一般来说这个规律都成立。而修辞目的题实质上就是出题人把一个detail拎出来问你，作者为什么要提到这个detail。到这里，问题的关键就变成了找到这个detail对应的claim究竟在哪里。

最简单的模型就是，claim后面就一个detail支撑，这种情况下，自然detail前面紧挨着的那句话就是作者的观点，即提到这个detail的目的是为了说明前面的这个观点。

然而有时候，作者会用不止一个detail来支撑最前面的claim，模型视图如下

Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3

这种时候，如果出题人把detail 3拎出来问你它的目的，显然答案就不是为了支持紧挨着它的前面那句话了，而应该是遥相支持前面的前面的前面的那个claim。

根据以上原理，我们总结出了一个做题步骤，帮助大家高效地找到这个claim。

简言之，

1. 找出题目中的关键词

2. 用关键词定位原文

3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的顺序找到claim

4. 根据原文claim找到对应选项

可以看出，步骤1和2是在文章中找到题目里提到的detail的位置，当然，如果文中已经给你highligh出来了的话这两个步骤就省掉了

而步骤3才是在找claim

下面，我们来进行一个实操应用：

In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?

○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist

○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation

○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete

○To compare how fossils form on land and in water

很明显，这道题需要我们自己去找到detail的位置，所以我们要从第1个步骤开始做起：找出题目中的关键词

examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毁的例子)

第2步，我们要拿着关键词到段落里面去找detail对应的原句，即哪里有提到生物被摧毁的例子

Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.

我们看下来后会发现有且仅有红色部分是一些摧毁生物的具体例子，清道夫、细菌、化学侵蚀等等，至此我们完成了第2步，定位出了detail对应的原句。

第3步，到这句话的前面找它对应的claim，这道题里，它前面只有一句话，那让我们来验证一下这是不是这个detail所支撑的观点呢?

When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.

(当一个人知道生物死后会被如此多的方式所完全分解毁灭，那他就会感叹世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思议)

看起来逻辑上可以成为生物被摧毁的例子所支撑的对象吧

那我们现在来做第4步，根据找出来的claim去选出最接近的选项

In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?

○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist

○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation

○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete

○To compare how fossils form on land and in water

选项1是不是就是我们找出来的claim的同义复述呀?答案就是它了!

All in all，只要把握好题型背后的原理，妈妈再也不用担心你做不好修辞目的题了!

托福阅读考试中，文章的题材类型比较多样化，涉及的领域也比较多。因此大家在平时IDE复习中，不仅仅需要掌握相关的背景知识，同时还要掌握一些必备的技能，这样才能够辅助我们更好地完成阅读部分的备考。

1、信息定位能力

练习快速扫描，在文章或段落中定位并查找重要的事实和信息，包括主题信息、概念名称、日期、地点和数字等。经常反复地练习，可以提高阅读的速度和流利程度。

2、速读理解能力

1) 在掌握语法知识(如：语句结构、代词等)以后，应采用各种手段，努力扩大词汇量，扫除阅读中存在的生字障碍。

2) 练习速读，训练通过快速浏览而非逐句细读发现文章主旨的能力。托福阅读考试的选材，从文体角度看，大多是说明体和议论体的正式书面语文章。其语篇模式一般为导言、主题、支撑、结论四部分，并且每一段落的开头常可发现主题句。根据英语语篇的上述特点，阅读时注意文章的首尾段落以及每一段落的开始一、二句话，常有助于迅速发现所读内容的主旨。同时，注意语篇中一些具有语义提示作用的信息词和短语(见漫谈六)，对于重要信息的快速查找和定位也是有帮助的。

3)还可以根据托福考试的题型有针对性地进行一些练习，包括就文章中出现的代词(he, they, that, these, it, one, others等)，找出它们所指代的名词;根据文章提供的信息，练习推理、预测和归纳结论的能力;选择阅读中遇到的生字，根据前后语句所提供的上下文线索猜测字义，例如：

Everyone faces times when one goal or another has to come first; deciding which goals are most important is setting priorities.(根据语句结构，划线单字的意义由is提示是指the most important goals)

A skyscraper, or building more than twenty stories high, is built on a foundation of concrete supported by piles driven into the ground.(句中or在这里表示“或者说”，提示划线单字的意义为building more than twenty stories high)

Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. (从Unlike所表示的对照关系，可以确定划线单字的意义正是shy, unsociable的反面，即sociable, friendly)

In spite of the fact that the beautiful egret is in danger of dying out completely, many clothing manufacturers still offer handsome prices for their long, elegant tail feathers, which are used as decorations on ladies’ hats.(从全句的意思，特别是描述其特征的feathers等词，可判断划线单字是指a type of bird)

3、研读整理能力

1) 训练阅读除需要培养理解文章含义和增强查找信息的能力外，还应适当注意所读材料的组织结构及写作手法，例如：该文章的组织方式可能是比较对照、分类、因果等，某个例子在阐述过程中有何作用。这有助于理解把握文章内涵和归纳概括内容提要。

2)练习概括提要，区分主要与次要内容。对于描述过程的文章，可练习按顺序总结步骤，写出提要。若文章涉及信息分类，可尝试制作图表并将相关内容分类排列。虽然新托福考试并不要求自己设计分类图表，但这项练习有助于加强信息整理的意识，可以帮助考生更快适应此类题型。见下例：

Scholars’ opinion about why L. cave dwellers hid their art(学者关于L.洞居民为何藏匿其艺术发表的观点) Reasons to substantiate this opinion (证实此观点的理由) Reasons to disprove this opinion

(反证此观点的理由)

3) 根据提要或图表对阅读内容进行口头或书面的总结概述，以配合口语和写作部分综合型考题的需要。

4) 选取句子或段落练习释义解述(paraphrase)。一方面，阅读测试包含考查对解述语句的辨识能力;此外，在口语和写作部分的综合型考题中也需要运用此项技能。

在托福阅读考试题型中，推理题也是的考试的题型之一。由于托福也读考试的题型种类比较多，因此大家针对不同的题型，也需要掌握相应的解题技巧。本篇文章为大家整理了关于托福阅读推理题的解析。

一、 推理的奥秘

我们都知道，推理判断题的题目特征就是infer, imply, indicate, suggest等有“暗含”“隐喻”的词，那么针对于推理判断题，我们是不是一定要进行复杂而缜密的卷福式的“推理”呢?当然不会啦，请同学们记住，ETS是一个常年累月都在绞尽脑汁的维持自己题目难度保持一致的机构。这也是为什么不论我们参加当年哪一场的托福考试，学校对于分数的要求都没有任何波动的原因。所以针对托福当中的任何题型难度也是惊人的万年不变。所以，推理题的答案要以和原文一致为标准，并且考试中经常出现“推理而不推”的情况， 来说就是原文直接对应选项，没有什么改变的“不推的推理题”的情况。

比如例题：(TPO34-P2-Q1)

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain’s short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?

A Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.

B A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land for farming.

C Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.

D What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.

根据题目对应到第一句(切记当题目中有about就拿about后面内容回原文定位)，但信息过少于是看下一句Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. 文中说因为人口增长，英国在中世纪时大部分森林已经被农田和牧草代替，因此木材更加缺乏，但是它却一直都很重要。直接对应选项B。由此可见这并没有什么推理过程。

二、 固定路径的推理

固定路径的推理是我们考察内容中非常重要的一点，要从题目和原文共同着手。而固定路径推理又分为两个部分：1.整体与部分，2.取反推理。

下面我们就分别来介绍

1. 整体与部分推理指的就是抽象和实际概念上的范围推理。大范围可以推导出对应小范围的内容。比如“中国的陶瓷制品质量非常好”可以推导出“江西瓷器质量不错”因为中国是大范围，江西是其中的小范围，所以这是可以推导出来的。

比如例题：(OG-THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS)

8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus breed and gave birth in which of the following locations

A. On land

B. Both on land and at sea

C. In shallow water

D. In a marine environment