gre：Argument写作开头怎么写？
尽管考试服务中心明确指出对Argument写作来说没有所谓的正确的或比较好的结构模式，但在行文的时候考生还是要遵循某些策略，否则阅卷人将无法理解你的思路，从而给读者留下不良的印象。
同样，Argument写作也没有“正确的”或“的”段落数。但是，考生必须确保文章有完整的开头、正文、结尾。而且各部分分工明确，上下连贯。正文部分比较好不要少于三段，因为每一篇官方范文都至少指出了原命题中三个严重的逻辑错误。如果把每一个逻辑错误作为一个自然段展开论述的话，我们就可以把Argument写成经典的五段式：
第一段：开头第二段：正文第一段。论证谬误之一第三段：正文第二段，论证谬误之二第四段：正文第三段，论证谬误之三第五段：结尾全文共计五个意群段。当然。不是说所有的Argumen泻作都必须是这样的结构。正文段也可以有超过三个或者只有两个意群段（即只对题目中的两个推理/论证谬误进行充分分析）。
Argument的开头段可以程式化设计，这样既可以节省时间，又可以确保质量。大体说来，考生在开头段可以用三到四个句子表达三层意思：
I.简洁地复述原文中的结论或主张；2.归纳原论述的假设和/或论据（可以既谈假设又谈论据，也可以只谈假设，或只谈论据）；3.指出原文论证中的问题。
根据这几点要求，也针对题库中题目的特点，我们可以用下面给出的几种写作套路来展开开头段的写作：
1）The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well一二asoned. By…， the argument… seems logical.
2） The conclusion in this argument is that… This recommendation is based on the observation that…Meanwhile, the arguer assumes that… This argument is problematic for several reasons.
3） In this analysis, the arguer concludes that… To support this conclusion, the arguer cites the result of a recentsurvey that… Moreover, the arguer points out that… As it stands, the argument suffers from several criticalflaws as follows…4） The arguer attempts to convince us that… The major assumptions underlying this argument are… While this argument has some merits, several critical flaws seriously undermine the line of reasoning.
5）The author concludes that… To support the conclusion, the author reasons that… The author also points outthat… However, several logical fallacies seriously weaken / undermine / cast doubts on the validity of thereasoning, making/rendering the argument highly suspect.
6） In this argument, the arguer recommends that …To justify the conclusion, the arguer points out that …Inaddition, the arguer assumes that / reasons that / cites the example of / cites the result of a recent study that…A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.
7） In this argument, the arguer cites the evidence that…， based on which he assumes that …Another piece of evidence presented to support the argument is that …In addition, the arguer takes it for granted that …Hencethe arguer draws the conclusion that-This argument is vulnerable in several aspects.
8）Merely dependent on a series of unwarranted assumptions and dubious evidence, the author comes to theconclusion that… On the surface, the argument appears to be somewhat logical, however, this alone neitherprovides compelling evidence to make the argument sound nor presents a logical argument in favor of theconclusion.
9） In this argument, the arguer asserts that …The major assumption （s） underlying this argument is / are that…（and that…）。The evidence presented throughout the argument, however, is vague/insufficient/unreliable/doubtfuUirrelevant and hence does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims.
10） The arguer's claim that… sounds reasonable at first thought. After all, the arguer does offer some relevantevidence, and the assumptions underlying this argument are not without merits. However, several importantconcerns, which the arguer fails to address in the analysis, may seriously undermine the argument.
11）In this analysis/argument, the arguer concludes/claims/recommends/predicts/advocates that …To support/strengthen/solidify/justify/substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out that…/provides the evidence of.二/cites the result of the survey of In addition/Furthermore, the arguer reasons that… However, a careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is/the argument is unconvincingfor… critical flaws / the argument is problematic because of vague, oversimplified and unwarrantedassumptions.
12） Merely based on unfounded assumptions and dubious evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that… Tosupport the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that… In addition, he indicates that… Furthermore, thearguer reasons/asserts/infers that… However, this alone neither constitutes a logical argument in favor of theconclusion nor provides compelling support for making a sound argument. The arguer ignores certainimportant concerns, which must be addressed to prove. In my point of view, this argument suffers from…critical flaws.
13）The conclusion endorsed in this argument is that… Several reasons are offered in support of this argument.
First of all, the author points out that… In addition, the author reasons that… （What's more, he also assumesthat…）At first glance, the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflectionreveals that the conclusion is based on some dubious assumptions and the reasoning is biased due to the inadequacy and partiality in the nature of the evidence provided to justify the conclusion. A carefulexamination would prove how groundless this conclusion is.
14） The argument appears plausible at the first glance, however, strict examination/scrutiny reveals that it （theauthor's reasoning） is unconvincing…for several reasons.
.for the following logical fallacies/reasoning errors.
.because it suffers from several critical flaws.
.because several questionable assumptions must be made for the stated evidence to support the author'sconclusion.
.because it rests on / depends on/relics on / is based on several unwarranted / doubtful / problematic /ungrounded / groundless I questionable / gratuitous I dubious assumptions.
为了使开头的方式更加多变，考生应当熟记下面的这些关键词。并达到能灵活运用的程度。这样，在练习或考试时，只要结合题目对某些词进行替换。就能打造出属于自己的开头模板。
“ additionally, in addition, moreover, furthermore
.unacceptable, unconvincing, unpersuasive
.ungrounded/groundless, unfounded, unwarranted
.unsound, weak, unsubstantiated, flimsy, flawed, faulty, fallacious, fallible, erroneous
.doubtful, dubious, doubtable, dubitable, suspicious, suspect
.problematic, questionable
考生在写开头段时，一定要注意以下三点：
1.复述原题信息要简洁、准确和客观；
2.在归纳原题信息时尽可能用自己的句式和词汇。但为了能准确表达原文的意思，核心词汇可以保留；
3.复述原题基本信息时保留原题的时态。分析性动词（对于原文作者的批驳和攻击）用一般现在时，这是全文的基本时态。
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